Subcarrier multiplex system

ABSTRACT

A subcarrier system generates a phase comparison signal in a transmitter and transmits the phase comparison signal together with an optical subcarrier multiplex signal in the same transmission channel of an optical network. A receiver measures a phase distortion between a phase reference signal and the received phase comparison signal for each modulation section of the received subcarrier symbols, calculating at least one correction value and correcting time jitters or phase impairments of all parallel received or regained subcarrier symbols as a function of the phase distortion of the received phase comparison signal. Time jitter/phase jitter can be compensated without high hardware expenses.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention refers to a subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical subcarrier multiplex systems like OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) systems have gained high attention in the recent years due to high intrinsic robustness against dispersion and its high spectral efficiency. The data signal is converted into parallel symbols and transmitted via multiple subcarriers. A great variety of modulation formats of the subcarriers is feasible like AM, FSK, PSK, QAM. Each subcarrier transmits at a relative low bit rate, the modulation period of a symbol is relatively long compared with the duration of a bit. Especially OFDM systems require orthogonal subcarriers and a phase stable signals. The electrical subcarrier signal can be used to modulate the optical power of an optical source (laser) directly or to modulate an external optical modulator.

An OFDM system is described by Arthur James Lowery, Senior Member, IEEE, Liang Bangyuan Du, and Jean Armstrong in “Performance of Optical OFDM in Ultralong-Haul WDM Lightwave Systems” in JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 25, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 131.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Although subcarrier systems like OFDM have high tolerances against chromatic dispersion they suffer from nonlinear effects like SPM (Self Phase Modulation) and XPM (Cross Phase Modulation) in the fiber as well as from laser chirp in interaction with dispersion. These effects result in time/phase jitter of the subcarrier signals. The patent application WO 94/03987 discloses a simple analogue circuit to compensate the laser chirp induced distortion at the transmitter or at the receiver.

The object of this invention is to compensate the impairment of subcarrier signals.

This problem is solved by a subcarrier multiplex system described in claim 1.

The transmitter of the subcarrier system is designed for generating a phase comparison signal and transmitting the phase comparison signal together with an optical subcarrier multiplex signal in the same transmission channel,

-   the receiver is designed for measuring a phase distortion between a     phase reference signal and the phase comparison signal for each     modulation section of the parallel received subcarrier symbols, -   calculating at least one correction value and correcting time     jitters or phase impairments of all the parallel received or     regained subcarrier symbols as a function of the phase distortion of     the received phase comparison signal.

The inventive idea is to measure the distortion of a transmitted single phase comparison signal and to correct all impaired received subcarrier signals according to that phase distortion.

The correction function of the subcarrier system can be designed easily if the time jitters of all parallel received subcarrier symbols are corrected by the same time shift as a function of the phase distortion of the received phase comparison signal.

Therefore only a common jitter control value is derived to correct the time jitter of all subcarrier symbols.

For improved compensation enhanced jitter correction values for individual phase correction of received subcarrier symbols are calculated considering different time jitter of the received subcarrier symbols.

For digitally systems it is advantageously that phase jitters and/or amplitude of all parallel regained symbols (SD_(S)) are compensated according to the phase distortion of the received phase comparison signal.

The correction is done by digital data processing.

For improved phase compensation the phase impairments of each received subcarrier symbol or regained symbol are corrected individually by an enhanced calculated phase correction value, which implies a correction factor considering individual phase jitter of the received subcarrier symbols.

The invention can be advantageously applied to an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) subcarrier system.

More details and improvements of the invention are described in further depending claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of the invention including a presently preferred embodiment are described below with reference to accompanying drawings, where

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of subchannel system according to the invention,

FIG. 2 shows adjacent channels of a subchannel/OFDM system,

FIG. 3 shows an OFDM system according to the invention,

FIG. 4 shows details of a OFDM system, and

FIG. 5 shows a modified receiver according of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The diagram FIG. 1 illustrates subcarrier system with a transmitter 1 and a receiver 3. An optical subcarrier multiplex signal OSMT is generated and transmitted over a transmission network 2, e.g. an optical fiber, to the receiver 3.

At the transmitter 1 a high speed digital serial signal DST is fed to a serial-parallel converter 10 and converted into parallel data bits. Constant number of parallel bits, e.g. 4 bits, are converted by a symbol generation unit 11 into a symbol sequence ST_(S), s=1, 2, . . . , N. A group of N of these symbols is then parallel modulated onto different subcarriers in a subcarrier modulation unit 12, e.g. by quadrature phase shift keying. The parallel generated subcarrier symbols SST_(S) are then combined in a combiner 13 to a subcarrier multiplex signal SMST, which is modulated onto an optical carrier in an optical modulation unit 14 and transmitted as optical subcarrier multiplex signal OSMT in a transmission channel 2 to the receiver 3. A modulation section or a symbol ST_(S) duration is much longer than a bit duration of the serial signal DST because of the conversion into symbols and the parallel transmission of the symbols. After the transmission of a group of symbols the next group of symbols is transmitted.

Usually additional signals are transmitted in neighbour channels. FIG. 2 shows three channels CH1, CH2 and CH3 of a WDM (wavelength division multiplex) system transmitting signals in these channels over the same optical fiber. The subcarrier symbols SST_(S), s=1, 2, . . . , N of the regarded N subchannel system are transmitted over the middle channel CH2. The neighbour channels CH1, CH3 have a shorter and a longer wavelength λ. Both neighbour channels, as mentioned before (and also additional channels), as well as nonlinear effects impair the transmitted optical subcarrier multiplex signal OSMT. The phase of the subcarrier signals in the regarded channel CH2 is disturbed. This causes a loss in signal quality, especially when the phase of the subcarriers is important for the demodulation.

At the receiver 3 an impaired optical subcarrier multiplex signal OSMR is received and converted in an optical receiver unit 31 into an electrical subcarrier multiplex signal SMSR, which is fed via a jitter correction unit 32 to a separation unit 33, e.g. an electrical comb filter, which separates the subcarriers (divides the channel into subchannels). In a subcarrier demodulation unit 34 the received subcarriers symbols SSR_(S) are demodulated and the symbols SR_(S), s=1, 2, . . . , N regained. Then the symbols are converted into parallel bits in a symbol conversion unit 35, and a parallel-serial converter 36 converts the groups of parallel bits into a digital serial signal DSR.

The time jitter of the received subcarrier multiplex signal SMSR is compensated by a controlled jitter compensating unit 32, which is a controllable delay.

Details of the compensation method will be explained regarding a special subcarrier system. As an example an OFDM (orthogonal frequency diversity multiplex) system is illustrated in FIG. 3. In a transmitter 1OT the subcarrier modulation unit 12 is replaced by an OFDM modulation unit 12F, and in a receiver 3OT the separation unit 33 and the demodulation unit 34 is replaced by an OFDM demodulator 33F_34F. The elements for compensation are explained later.

Essential parts of an OFDM system are illustrated in FIG. 4, which is only used for explanation of the OFDM part. The generation of symbols and the optical modulation/demodulation are not shown. An OFDM transmitter 12F_13F receives the bits of the signal DST already converted into symbols ST_(S) as described before. In the shown analogue system the symbols ST₁-ST_(N) are modulated by modulators MO₁-MO_(N) onto the subcarriers SC_(S)=exp(j2πf_(s)t), s=1, 2, . . . , N. The generated subcarrier symbols are combined to the subcarrier multiplex signal SMST and transmitted in the transmission channel CH2/transmission network 2, where they are impaired by different disturbing linear and nonlinear effects, indicated by H(f, P), wherein H(f)=frequency depending effects and H(P)=power depending effects causing a time/phase jitter of the transmitted STS symbols ST_(s).

In a digital system a group of symbols ST₁, ST₂, . . . , ST_(N) is converted parallel into subcarrier symbols SST_(S)=SST₁, SST₂, . . . , SST_(N) by an Inverse Fourier Transformation FFT⁻¹.

In the analogue OFDM system shown in FIG. 4 a received subcarrier multiplex signal SMSR is fed to a OFDM demodulator 33F_34F, where it is split in a splitter 33F and fed, together with associated subcarrier frequencies −SC_(S)=exp(−j2πf_(s)t), to correlators CO₁-CO_(N). Because all the subcarrier signals with one exception are orthogonal to the subcarrier supplied to a correlator, which outputs only one sequence of symbols SR_(S) having the same carrier frequency.

In a digital OFDM system the received subcarrier multiplex signal SMSR is demodulated by applying Fast Fourier Transformation to regain the symbols SR_(S)=SR₁, SR₂, . . . , SR_(N).

The time/phase corrections is applied by

-   -   Correction of the time jitter of the complete OFDMR signal by         applying a time correction signal TC to a common jitter         correction unit 32 or     -   Applying individual time correction signals TC_(S) to jitter         correction elements 32 _(S) inserted in the signal paths of the         correlators CO_(S).

Of course, in modern technology the modulation and demodulation is processed by digital computers. Delay elements are controlled storage units and corrections are performed by changing digital values. Therefore the elements shown in the figures have to be understood as functional units.

To compensate the time/phase jitter a control signal has to be generated at the receiver. Therefore a phase comparison signal CST is generated by a subcarrier generation unit 15 (FIG. 3) at the transmitter and transmitted parallel with the symbols as part of the SMST to the receiver.

A possibility is to generate an unmodulated subcarrier signal as phase comparison signal CST (FIG. 2, which can be processed like the other subcarrier signals). Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 an orthogonal phase comparison signal CST is generated with the subcarriers SC_(S) and transmitted together with the subcarrier symbols SST_(S) (FIG. 3, FIG. 4). All received signals, the parallel received subcarrier symbols SSR_(S) and the received phase comparison signal CSR forming the subcarrier multiplex signal SMSR have approximately the same impairments: The same time distortion.

The receiver of FIG. 3 shows a delay element 39 and a time jitter correction unit 32 connected in series between the carrier demodulation unit 31 (photo diode) and the OFDM demodulator 33F_34F.

A received phase comparison signal CSR has to be regained for compensation the impairments. The CSR can be regained by FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) in the FFT control processor 34C shown in FIG. 3. Therefore in a first embodiment a FFT control processor 34C is also connected to the carrier demodulation unit 31. The regained phase comparison signal CSR is compared (correlated) with an internal stable phase reference signal PS_(REF). The output signal represents the average phase difference (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)) between the two signals for each modulation section (symbol duration). A jitter control circuit 38T connected in series with the FFT control processor 34C calculates and outputs a time jitter control signal TC, which controls a time jitter correction unit 32, which is inserted in the main signal path in series with a delay element 39. The delay of the delay correction unit 32 is varied according to the value of the jitter control signal TC:

TC=(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))/ω_(REF)   (1); wherein

ω_(REF)—angular frequency of phase reference signal.

The correction can be executed during the duration of a modulation section changing the delay continuously or in the middle of the modulation section. Special processing like direct comparing the phase comparison signal CSR and the phase reference signal PS_(REF) leads to a more actual control signal. A jitter compensated OFDM signal SMSC comprising all compensated subcarrier symbols SSR_(S) is then demodulated in the OFDM-demodulator 33F_34F. The delay element 39 with a time delay of about a modulation section (symbol) is in most embodiments necessary, because the jitter correction value TC has to be determined first.

Because the impairment is slightly different to all subcarrier signals enhanced jitter correction values can be calculated introducing a jitter correction factor KT_(S):

TCE _(S) =KT _(S)(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))/ω_(REF) +Δt _(s)   (2)

A constant delay time Δt_(S) can also be added to compensate the different transit time of the subcarrier signals. For the individual jitter compensation is executing by varying the delay time of the elements 32 _(S) in FIG. 4.

An equivalent correction method is a corresponding time shift of all subcarrier signals SC_(S)=exp(−j2πf_(s)t) in the receiver.

FIG. 5 shows a further embodiment of a receiver 3OP. In a digital embodiment the actual phase values of the regained symbols SD_(S) are corrected. The correction of the phase or the time jitter are equivalent methods, but one skilled in the art may chose one method according to the chosen design or expected improvement.

The phase distortion of the phase comparison signal and the symbols in this receiver are output by the same OFDM demodulator 33F_34F. Then phase correction values ΦC_(S)=ΦC₁−ΦC_(S) for all demodulated symbols SD_(S) are calculated in a phase control unit 38P according to

ΦC _(S)=(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))ω_(S)/ω_(REF))   (3)

wherein

ΦC_(S)=phase correction value of the carrier/symbols of subcarrier signal s=1, 2, . . . N,

Φ_(REF)=phase of a reference signal,

Φ_(C)=phase of the phase monitoring signal,

ω_(S)=2πf_(S) angular frequency of a subcarrier,

ω_(REF)=2πf_(REF) angular frequency of the phase reference signal.

The phase correction is executed in a symbol correction unit 40 individually for all regained symbols SD_(S) (these are the uncorrected demodulated symbols) by correcting their phase values. This is easier than a correction of real and imaginary values of the symbols. If necessary according to the modulation mode, also the amplitude values of the symbols can be corrected according the amplitude variation of the received phase monitoring signal.

In this embodiment the phase control unit 38P is receiving further delay phase correction value ΔΦ_(S) e.g. from a forward error correction unit 37 to minimize the error rate. These delay correction values are added to the calculated phase correction values

ΦCE _(S) =KP _(S)(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))(ω_(S)/ω_(REF))+ΔΦ_(S)   (4)

Delay differences of the subcarriers can be compensated by the delay correction.

Because the impairment is slightly different to all subcarrier signals/symbols a correction factor K_(S) can be added to derive the enhanced correction values ΦCE_(S). The phase correction factors KP_(S) can be stored in an address table, derived considering the output of the FEC decoder, or calculated from a few measured values using a polynomial

KP _(S) =A+B(ω_(S)/ω_(REF))+C(ω_(S)/ω_(REF))²   (5)

which leads to

ΦCE _(S)=((A+B (ω_(s)/ω_(REF))+C(ω_(S)/ω_(REF))²)(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))+ΔΦ_(S)   (6),

wherein A, B, C=constant factors.

The amplitudes of the received symbols can be corrected in a similar way. A long term amplitude average value A_(LT) of the received phase comparison signal (or of each subcarrier signal) is compared with the amplitude of the actual modulation section A_(AC). The amplitudes of all regained symbols are corrected according an amplitude correction value

AC=A _(LT) /A _(AC)   (7).

FEC (forward error correction) is used to output an error free corrected signal DSRC. The correction can be applied to the parallel or serial bits. The number of corrections EC is used to optimize the time correction value/factor in the embodiment FIG. 4 or the phase correction value/factor in the embodiment FIG. 5 individual for each subcarrier symbol stream. An optimum is reached when an associated number of executed corrections is a minimum.

REFERENCE SIGNS

DST input serial data signal

DSR output serial data signal

DSRC DSR FEC corrected serial data signal

SMST (electrical) subcarrier multiplex signal at the transmitter (TX)

OSMT transmitted optical subcarrier multiplex signal at TX

OSMR received optical subcarrier multiplex signal

SMSR (electrical) SMS at the receiver

ST_(S) symbols at TX

SST_(S) subcarrier symbol at TX

SSR_(S) received subcarrier symbol

SR_(S) transmitted/output/corrected symbol

SD_(1-N) detected symbol

CST transmitted phase comparison signal

CSR received phase comparison signal

PS_(REF) phase reference signal

1 transmitter

1OF OFDM transmitter

2 transmission network (fiber)

3 receiver

3OT OFDM receiver with jitter correction

3OP OFDM receiver with phase correction

10 serial-parallel converter

11 symbol generation unit

12 subcarrier modulation unit

FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMS OFDM signal

12F FFT⁻¹ processor unit

12F_13F OFDM modulator

13 combiner

14 optical modulation unit

15 subcarrier generation unit

CH1 first channel

3OT OFDM receiver for time jitter correction

3OP OFDM receiver for phase jitter correction

31 carrier demodulation unit

32 jitter correction unit

32 _(S) jitter correction element

33 separation unit

33F splitter

33F_34F OFDM demodulator

34 subcarrier demodulation unit

34C FFT control processor

34F FFT processor

35 correction unit

35 _(S) s^(th) correction circuit

35 symbol conversion unit

36 parallel-serial converter

37 FEC decoder unit

38T jitter control unit

38P phase control unit

39 delay element

40 symbol correction unit

41 FEC decoder

SC_(S) subcarrier signal

CS phase comparison signal

TC jitter correction signal/value

TCE_(S) enhanced individual jitter correction value

ΦC_(S) phase correction value

ΦCE_(S) enhanced phase correction value

Φ_(REF) phase of the reference signal,

Φ_(C) phase of the phase comparison signal,

ΔΦ_(S) phase delay correction value,

Δt_(S) time delay correction value

K_(S) correction factor

ω_(S) 2πf_(S) angular frequency of a subcarrier,

A, B, C factor,

ω_(REF) 2πf_(REF) angular frequency of the phase reference signal,

A_(AC) actual amplitude,

A_(LT) long time average amplitude,

AC=A_(LT)/A_(AC) amplitude correction factor,

DSRC FEC corrected data signal,

EC error correction. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A subcarrier multiplex system, comprising: a transmitter parallel modulating symbols (ST_(s); s=1, 2 . . . , N) onto subcarriers and combining the modulated subcarrier symbols (SST_(s)) to a subcarrier multiplex signal (SMST), modulating the subcarrier multiplex signal onto an optical carrier and transmitting an optical subcarrier multiplex signal (OSMT) in a transmission channel (CH2), said transmitter generating a phase comparison signal (CST) and transmitting the phase comparison signal (CST) together with the optical subcarrier multiplex signal (OSMT) in the same transmission channel (CH2) of the optical network (2); and a receiver receiving, converting and demodulating the optical subcarrier multiplex signal (OSMR) into a subcarrier multiplex signal (SMSR) and regaining subcarrier symbols (SR_(s)), said receiver measuring a phase distortion (Φ_(ref)−Φ_(C)) between a phase reference signal (PS_(REF)) and the phase comparison signal (CSR) for each modulation section of the parallel received subcarrier (SSR_(s)) symbols, calculating at least one correction value (ΦC_(s), TC_(s)) and correcting time jitters or phase impairments of all of the parallel received or regained subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s), SD_(s)) as a function of the phase distortion (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)) of the received phase comparison signal (CSR).
 23. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein the time jitters of all parallel received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)) are corrected by the same time shift as a function of the phase distortion (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)) of the received phase comparison signal (CSR).
 24. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 23, wherein a common time jitter correction value: TC=(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C))/ω_(REF) is calculated, wherein: ω_(REF)=2πf_(REF) angular frequency of the phase comparison signal, PS_(REF), Φ_(REF)=phase of the phase reference signal, and Φ_(c)=phase of the received phase comparison signal CSR.
 25. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 23, wherein enhanced jitter correction values (TCE_(s)) for individual phase correction of received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)) are calculated considering different time jitter of the received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)).
 26. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 25, wherein the enhanced jitter correction values (TCE_(s)) for individual time jitter correction of each of the parallel received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)) are calculated as a function of the phase distortion (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)) of the received phase comparison signal (CSR) and of a time jitter correction factor (KT_(s)) considering different time jitters of the received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)): TCE_(s)=KT_(s) (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c))/ω_(REF), wherein: ωREF=2πf_(REF) angular frequency of the phase comparison signal PS_(REF), Φ_(REF)=phase of the phase reference signal, and Φ_(c)=phase of the received phase comparison signal CSR.
 27. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 26, wherein the enhanced jitter correction values (TCE_(s)) are optimized by adding delay correction values (Δt_(e)) to minimize a data error rate: TCE _(s) =KT _(S)(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c))/ω_(REF)+Δt_(s).
 28. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 27, wherein FEC correction is applied to output a corrected data signal (DSCR), and the enhanced jitter correction factors (KT_(s)) and/or delay correction values (Δt_(s)) are optimized as indicated by a minimum data error rate.
 29. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 25, wherein the subcarrier system is an OFDM system and the received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)) fed to correlators (CO_(s)) in an FFT (Fast Forward Fourier) demodulator (33F_34F) of an OFDM receiver (3OT) are individually jitter corrected by delay elements (32 _(s)).
 30. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein the phase jitters of all parallel regained symbols (SD_(s)) are corrected according to the phase distortion (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)) of the received phase comparison signal (CSR).
 31. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 30, wherein the phase impairment of each received subcarrier symbol (SSR_(s)) or regained subcarrier symbol (SD_(s)) is corrected individually by a calculated phase correction value: ΦC_(s)=(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c))ω_(s)/ω_(REF), wherein: ΦC_(s)=phase correction of the carrier/symbols of subcarrier signal s=1, 2, . . . , N, Φ_(REF)=phase of a reference signal, Φ_(c)=phase of the phase monitoring signal, ω_(s)=2πf_(s) angular frequency of a subcarrier, ω_(REF)=2πf_(REF) angular frequency of the phase reference signal PS_(REF).
 32. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 31, wherein the phase impairments of each received subcarrier symbol (SSR_(s)) or regained symbol (SD_(s)) are corrected individually by an enhanced phase correction value (ΦCE_(S), which implies a correction factor (K_(s); s=1, 2, . . . , N) considering individual phase jitter of the received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)): ΦCE_(s)=K_(s) (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c)) ω_(s)/ω_(REF), wherein: K_(s)=correction factor.
 33. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 31, wherein a phase delay correction value (ΔΦ_(s)) is added to the enhanced phase correction value (ΦC_(s) according to: ΦCD_(s)=K_(s) (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c)) ω_(s)/ω_(REF)+ΔΦ_(s), wherein: ΔΦ_(s)=phase delay correction value.
 34. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 32, wherein enhanced phase correction values (ΦCE_(s)) for individual phase correction of regained symbols (SD_(s)) are calculated considering stored phase correction factors (KP_(s)).
 35. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 32, wherein phase correction values (ΦC_(s)) for parallel received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)) or detected symbols (SD_(s)) are calculated according to a polynomial as a function of the phase distortion (Φ_(REF)−Φ_(C)).
 36. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 35, wherein the enhanced correction value (ΦCE_(s)) is calculated according to: ΦCE_(s)=(Φ_(REF)−Φ_(c)) (A+B (ω_(s)/ω_(REF))+C (ω_(s)/ω_(REF))²), wherein: A, B, C=factors derived by measurements or calculation.
 37. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 32, wherein FEC correction is applied to output a data signal (DSRC) and the enhanced phase jitter correction values (TCE_(s)) and the phase delay factor (ΔΦ_(s))are optimized as indicated by a minimum data error rate.
 38. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein the subcarrier system is an OFDM system.
 39. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 31, wherein phase or real and imaginary values of detected symbols (SDi-SD_(N)) are corrected to achieve corrected symbols (SR_(s)).
 40. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein amplitudes of the regained symbols (SD_(s)) are corrected according to a comparison between a long time average amplitude of the received phase comparison signal and an amplitude associated with a modulation section of the actual received subcarrier symbols (SSR_(s)).
 41. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein a received subcarrier multiplex signal (SMS; OFDMS) is sampled and receiver functions and/or transmitter functions are digitally processed.
 42. The subcarrier multiplex system according to claim 22, wherein the phase comparison signal (CST, CSR) is an unmodulated subcarrier. 